What Percentage of Beef Is From Female
Beefiness cattle are cattle raised for meat production (every bit distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is more often than not known as beef. In beef production in that location are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production bicycle of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this performance is designed specifically to brood cows for their offspring. From hither the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are normally known every bit replacement heifers. While the main use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in processed, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Besides breeding to meet the demand for beef production, owners likewise employ selective convenance to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An instance of a desired trait could exist leaner meat[1] or resistance to disease.[2] Breeds known as dual-purpose are as well used for beefiness production. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at in one case, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beefiness and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such every bit Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose also. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, just in the past they were as well used for draught. Yet, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into two groups through selective breeding.[iii]
Nigh beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a balderdash is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days subsequently the calving flow, depending on the cows' torso condition score (BCS). If information technology was a moo-cow's first time calving, she volition take longer to re-breed by at least ten days.[4] Even so, beefiness cattle tin also exist bred through bogus insemination,[i] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer and so that calving may occur the following leap.[1] Withal, cattle convenance can occur at other times of year. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.[1]
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a bull. Some of the most important factors are disease prevention/spread. Buying a bull who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a take a chance, information technology would more likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will improve the original herd rather than remaining the aforementioned or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat properties, etc. Breeding Soundness Test or BSE are essential to the quality of any bull, a general physical test and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[v] Knowing more information virtually the animate being volition assistance make an educated decision.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress environs for their herds, involving abiding safe, health, comfort, nourishment and humane treatment. According to the Canadian National Subcontract Animal Care Quango, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather condition, rubber handling and equipment, veterinarian care and humane slaughter.[half dozen] If an animate being is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibleness of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia.[7] Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of product system, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease tin spread quickly through the herd from animal to animal.[8] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle'south status regularly for early on detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human health (known as zoonotic)[half-dozen] as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On boilerplate, cattle will consume one.4 to 4% of their torso weight daily.[9] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United states of america, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least seventy years.[10] The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the 6th edition'southward rough protein.[11] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance.[xiii] Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beefiness cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.[14]
Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore merely feel fresh grass, these are typically cow-calf operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that incorporate more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals abound faster with the college protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their nutrition, silage, hay and/or haylage are all feasible feed options.[fifteen] Despite this 3/4th of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle swallow each twenty-four hours will exist corn.[16] Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. will drink an average of 41 L a day, and approximately 82 Fifty in hot atmospheric condition.[17] They demand a constant supply of good quality feed and potable water according to the v Freedoms of Animate being Welfare.[eighteen]
Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The offset feedlots were constructed in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so large they warranted a new designation, "Full-bodied Beast Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Near American beef cattle spend the final half of their lives in a CAFO.[16]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs 1,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the blood, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is and then hung in a cold room for between ane and iv weeks, during which time it loses some weight equally water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing house, the carcass would make well-nigh 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[nineteen] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to decide the quality. Marbling is the fatty that is inside the musculus, non around it. The more than marbled a cut is, the higher it volition grade and be worth more.[xx]
Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling, how the animal is treated earlier it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause agin furnishings on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities take been allowed to minimize this. Yet, admission to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute and so movement is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in i of three methods: penetrating captive bolt, non-penetrating captive bolt and gunshot. About abattoirs use captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the brute feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering, typically the creature will be hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to permit exsanguination. The hide volition be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be cleaved down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Brood | Origin | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Australia | A tropically adapted Bos taurus brood, developed from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | S Africa | Afrikaners are usually deep reddish or black with long spreading horns. They have the pocket-sized cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Australia | Developed for resistance to ticks and for heat tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Commonwealth of australia | Polled breed developed past crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | The states (Arizona) | Developed in the loftier desert, inter-mount region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | U.s.a. | Hybrid between a moo-cow and an American bison. |
| Beef Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Beefmaster | Usa (Texas) | Adult past breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Bluish | Belgium | Grey roan, or white with grey on caput. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Red | Australia | A composite breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Black with white ring effectually middle, stocky, fairly long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Black Hereford | Smashing United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland | A crossbreed produced by crossing a Hereford bull with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beefiness offspring from dairy cows. Non maintained equally a separate breed, although females may exist used for further convenance with other beef bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | France | Stake brown, paler circular eyes and nose. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | South Africa | Developed from ten/sixteen Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford and 3/16 Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | Due east Africa (Ethiopia-Kenya) | Usually white, with the bulls being darker (sometimes almost black). |
| Brahman | Republic of india | Large, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | United States | Developed past crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | Great Britain | White torso, with blackness (or sometimes red) ears, nose and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | France | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped stake horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italy | Dual-purpose, originally large typhoon breed, later selected for beef. |
| Corriente | Mexico | Hardy, small, athletic, criollo-blazon, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Short horns, various colors, often spotted. Also called Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-year-quondam longhorn brood with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | U.k. | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Dexter | Ireland | Very small, black or dun, night horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing factor, leading to very curt legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Australia | Developed by crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, especially the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of heat and ticks. |
| English Longhorn | England | Blood-red or brindle, with white dorsum and belly. Very long cylindrical horns ordinarily spreading sideways or downwards, frequently curving and even somewhen making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beef and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beefiness, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | Usa | Pocket-sized, criollo-type descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.South. by the Spanish conquistadors. Adapted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered breed. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Black, stocky, fairly long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | France | Greyness, hardy, maternal breed. Skilful growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a last sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Germany | Red, strong pare pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Ruby-red, white head, white finching on neck, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Small, stocky; blackness, red, dun or white. Very long coat and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Grey | Hungary | Robust, like shooting fish in a barrel-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upward. Slender and tall. Well-adapted to all-encompassing pasture systems. |
| Irish Moiled | Ireland | Carmine with white back and belly, or white with red ears, olfactory organ and feet. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Central Coffee, Indonesia | Colors varied from calorie-free brown to dark brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Japan | A brood of pocket-size beef cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of France | Mid-chocolate-brown, paler round eyes and nose. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Cerise | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Adult by selectively breeding small Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Crude coat, ruby-brown, polled. Bred past crossing Beef Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | East Java, Indonesia | Small torso, short legs, reddish yellow pilus. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in France | Red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Grey | South Eastern Australia | Grey or silver polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus bull. Easy-care versatile cattle that accept been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | India | Exported to Brazil, where information technology has become a dominant breed. |
| Nguni | South Africa | Extremely hardy breed developed by the Nguni tribes for harsh African conditions. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite distinct. Three subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| N Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piedmontese | Piedmont, Italy | Bred both for beef and dairy production; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Coast, US | Landrace heritage endangered breed, lean, small, adapted to climate of the Deep S, disease-resistant. Short horns, various colors, frequently spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Austria | Indigenous to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, but well-adapted to drier landscapes of the US, Australia and Due south Africa, where they are kept for beef production. Solid red with very distinctive white blaze from wither, down to tail tip and underside. |
| Carmine Angus | Australia, United States | Colour variety of Angus in some countries: solid red. Polled. |
| Ruby Poll | East Anglia in England | Reddish with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Red Sindhi | Sindh in Pakistan | Ruddy Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beefiness production or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italia | Bred primarily for beef production; oft used as draught beasts in the past. White or grey with black pigmented skin and up curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | A breed of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in north-western Spain. It is raised mainly for meat. Information technology is distributed throughout Galicia, with about 75% of the population concentrated in the province of Lugo. The coat may be ruddy-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | France | Red. Hardy, like shooting fish in a barrel calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, U.s. | Developed by crossing red Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellowish-dark-brown, white head. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beefiness, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beefiness Shorthorn | Northern England | Red, red with white dorsum and belly, or white. |
| Foursquare Meater | New Due south Wales, Commonwealth of australia | Pocket-sized, grey or silvery, polled; similar to Murray Grey. |
| Sussex | South-east England | Rich chestnut red with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early on 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beef such as Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | United States | Diverse colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much as 80 inches (ii.0 one thousand) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry out climates. Light-muscled, and then bulls often used for first-calf heifers. |
| Wagyū | Nihon | Blackness, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat degradation). |
| Welsh Black | Wales | Blackness, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | Swell United kingdom, Republic of ireland | White, with black (or sometimes reddish) ears, nose and feet; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid between a cow and a European bison. |
See likewise [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acid
- Listing of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beefiness Production". Academy of Guelph, Animate being Sciences. Retrieved Apr half-dozen, 2013.
- ^ "Beefiness Research Schoolhouse: What's the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Amend Dairy Cow. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Meaning cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved Feb 1, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Test of the Male". Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended code of practice for the intendance and handling of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May 16, 2017). "Lawmaking of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beefiness Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May xxx, 2020.
- ^ "Code of exercise for the intendance and handling of beef cattle: Review of scientific inquiry on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed will my cow eat". Ministry building of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April half-dozen, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle 8th Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beefiness cattle nutrition serial - Office 3: Nutrient Requirement Tables", University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Research Quango (U.South.). Subcommittee on Beefiness Cattle Nutrition: "Food requirements of beefiness cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of do for the care and treatment of farm animals: Beef Cattle", p.ii of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://annal.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. K (1970): "Beefiness cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, protein supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beefiness Cattle: Tips for a Good for you, Pasture-Based Diet". Female parent Globe News. Retrieved February ane, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beef Cattle: The codes of practice" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "v Freedoms of Animate being Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beef". Oklahoma Food Safety Division. Retrieved April half dozen, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Spruce. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November four, 2008. Retrieved Nov eleven, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma Country University pages about cattle breeds.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle
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